Lithobius
| Lithobius | ||||||||||||
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| peckovice ( Lithobius forficatus ) | ||||||||||||
| vědecká klasifikace | ||||||||||||
| Doména:eukaryotaKrálovství:ZvířataPodříše:EumetazoiŽádná hodnost:Oboustranně symetrickéŽádná hodnost:protostomyŽádná hodnost:LínáníŽádná hodnost:PanarthropodaTyp:členovciPodtyp:Tracheální dýcháníSupertřída:StonožkyTřída:lipopodyPodtřída:Pleurostigmophoračeta:peckoviceRodina:LithobiidaeRod:Lithobius | ||||||||||||
| Mezinárodní vědecký název | ||||||||||||
| Lithobius Leach , 1814 | ||||||||||||
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Lithobius (lat.) je rod mnohonožek z čeledi Lithobiidae .
Vzhled a struktura
Většina druhů Lithobius jsou typickými členy čeledi Lithobiidae. Délka jejich těla je 2-5 cm, barva je hnědá. Tělo dospělého jedince se skládá z 18 segmentů a má 15 párů nohou [1] . Mezi zvláštní vlastnosti patří roztroušené otvory korních žláz posledního páru nohou.
Stanoviště a životní styl
Lithobius se nachází pod kameny nebo kůrou, v půdě a humusu. Některé z nich jsou běžné v zahradách. Lithobius forficatus je nejběžnějším druhem stonožky v Evropě. Stejně jako ostatní stonožky jsou aktivní v noci. Živí se hmyzem a jinými malými bezobratlími. Vejce se do půdy kladou jedno po druhém [1] . Mohou žít přes 3 roky.
Taxonomie
Rod Lithobius popsal v roce 1814 William Alford Leach v článku publikovaném v David Brewster 's Encyclopedia of Edinburgh [2] . Jméno pochází ze dvou řeckých kořenů, λίθος (lithos, „kámen“) a βίος (bio-, „život“) [3] . Leach neidentifikoval typový druh rodu a nebyl vybrán, dokud Pierre André Latreille vybral Scolopendra forficata Linnaeus, 1758 (nyní Lithobius forficatus ) [2] . Lithobius je rod, po kterém byla pojmenována čeleď Lithobiidae [2] .
Lithobius je jedním z přibližně 100 rodů nebo podrodů v podčeledi Lithobiinae. Obsahuje přes 500 druhů s mnoha poddruhy [4] . Klasifikace druhů v rámci rodu je také předmětem debaty. Někteří autoři rozdělují rod na podrody Eulithobius, Lithobius, Monotarsobius, Neolithobius, Pleurolithobius, Pseudolithobius, Sigibius, Thracolithobius a Troglolithobius .
Rod Lithobius zahrnuje následující druhy [4] :
- Lithobius acherontis Verhoeff, 1900
- Lithobius acipayamus Chamberlin, 1952
- Lithobius adherens Chamberlin, 1952
- Lithobius aidonensis Verhoeff, 1943
- Lithobius allotiphlus (Silvestri, 1908)
- Lithobius alpicosiensis Latzel, 1887
- Lithobius alpinus Koch, 1862 non Matic & Darabantu, 1971
- Lithobius altus Matic & Darabantu, 1971
- Lithobius ameles Chamberlin, 1952
- Lithobius angolianus Chamberlin, 1952
- Lithobius anisanus Verhoeff, 1937
- Lithobius ankarensis Verhoeff, 1944
- Lithobius anodus Latzel, 1880
- Lithobius antipai Matic, 1969
- Lithobius aostanus Verhoeff, 1934
- Lithobius apfelbecki Verhoeff, 1900
- Lithobius ardesiacus Fedrizzi, 1877
- Lithobius argaeensis Attems, 1905
- Lithobius argus Newport, 1844
- Lithobius armatus Selivanov, 1878
- Lithobius asper Muralevitch, 1926
- Lithobius athesinus Verhoeff, 1937
- Lithobius atticus Verhoeff, 1901
- Lithobius audax Meinert, 1872
- Lithobius bartsiokasi Matic & Stavropoulos, 1990
- Lithobius bebekensis (Verhoeff, 1944)
- Lithobius berkeleyensis Verhoeff, 1937
- Lithobius beroni Negrea, 1965
- Lithobius biarmatus Matic, 1970
- Lithobius bicolor Tömösvary, 1879
- Lithobius bicuspidatus (Matic, 1957)
- Lithobius bifidus Matic, 1973
- Lithobius binaghii Manfredi, 1937
- Lithobius biporus Silvestri, 1894
- Lithobius boettgeri Verhoeff, 1925
- Lithobius bolognai Zapparoli, 1991
- Lithobius bonensis Meinert, 1872
- Lithobius bosporanus (Verhoeff, 1941)
- Lithobius brachycephalus Fanzago, 1880
- Lithobius brevicornis Daday, 1889
- Lithobius buakheriacus Zapparoli , 1985
- Lithobius bulgaricus (Verhoeff, 1925)
- Lithobius bullatus Eason, 1993
- Lithobius burzenlandicus (Verhoeff, 1931)
- Lithobius buxtoni Brölemann, 1924
- Lithobius calabrensis Fedrizzi, 1878
- Lithobius calamatanus (Verhoeff, 1899)
- Lithobius canariensis Eason, 1992
- Lithobius cantabrigensis Meinert
- Lithobius capreae Verhoeff, 1943
- Lithobius carmenae Matic, 1968
- Lithobius cassinensis Verhoeff, 1925
- Lithobius castaneus Newport, 1844
- Lithobius cavernicola Fanzago, 1877
- Lithobius cerberulus Verhoeff, 1941
- Lithobius cerii Verhoeff, 1937
- Lithobius chalusensis Matic, 1969
- Lithobius chikerensis Verhoeff, 1936
- Lithobius cinnamomenus Koch, 1862
- Lithobius clarki Eason, 1975
- Lithobius communis Koch, 1844
- Lithobius consimilis Eason, 1992
- Lithobius corcyraeus Verhoeff, 1899
- Lithobius coriaceus Koch, 1862
- Lithobius corrigendus Dobroruka, 1988
- Lithobius crassipes Koch, 1862
- Lithobius creticus Dobroruka, 1977
- Lithobius crissolensis Verhoeff
- Lithobius croaticus Matic & Teodoreanu, 1967
- Lithobius cryptobius Silvestri, 1897
- Lithobius curtipes Koch, 1847
- Lithobius curtirostris Eisen & Stuxberg, 1868
- Lithobius dacicus (Matic, 1959)
- Lithobius dadayi Tömösvary, 1880
- Lithobius dahlii Verhoeff, 1925
- Lithobius dalmaticus Latzel, 1880
- Lithobius degerboelae Eason, 1981 nebo 1986
- Lithobius demavendicus Matic, 1969
- Lithobius depressus Fanzago, 1880
- Lithobius diana Verhoeff, 1901
- Lithobius dieuzeidei Brölemann, 1931
- Lithobius discolor Verhoeff, 1937
- Lithobius doderoi Silvestri, 1908
- Lithobius dolinophilus Verhoeff, 1937
- Lithobius dollfusi Verhoeff, 1931
- Lithobius domogledicus (Matic, 1961)
- Lithobius doriae Pocock, 1890
- Lithobius drescoi Demange, 1958
- Lithobius dudichi Loksa, 1947
- Lithobius easoni Matic, 1969
- Lithobius elbanus Verhoeff, 1931
- Lithobius elbursensis Matic, 1969
- Lithobius electrinus (Verhoeff, 1937)
- Lithobius elektron Verhoeff, 1928
- Lithobius electus Silvestri, 1935
- Lithobius elegans Selivanov, 1931
- Lithobius enghofi Eason, 1986
- Lithobius ercijasius Verhoeff, 1943
- Lithobius erdschiasius Verhoeff, 1943
- Lithobius errantus Chamberlin, 1952
- Lithobius erythrocephalus C. L. Koch, 1847
- Lithobius eucuemis Stuxberg
- Lithobius evae Dobroruka, 1958
- Lithobius evasus (Chamberlin, 1952)
- Lithobius excellens Silvestri, 1894
- Lithobius exiguus Meinert, 1886
- Lithobius eximius Meinert, 1872
- Lithobius falteronensis Manfredi, 1936
- Lithobius fangensis Eason, 1986
- Lithobius fanzagoi Fedrizzi, 1877
- Lithobius feae
- Lithobius femorosulcatus Eason, 1986
- Lithobius festivus Koch, 1862
- Lithobius finitimus Fanzago, 1878
- Lithobius flavus Meinert, 1872
- Lithobius forficatus (Linnaeus, 1758) typus [2]
- Lithobius fossor Koch, 1862
- Lithobius franzi Attems, 1949
- Lithobius galatheae Meinert, 1886
- Lithobius geyeri Verhoeff, 1935
- Lithobius glabratus Koch, 1847
- Lithobius glacialis Verhoeff, 1937
- Lithobius gracilipes Meinert, 1872
- Lithobius gracilis Meinert, 1872
- Lithobius grandiporosus Verhoeff, 1937
- Lithobius granulatus Koch, 1862
- Lithobius gridellii Manfredi, 1955
- Lithobius grosssidens Meinert, 1872
- Lithobius grossipes Koch, 1847
- Lithobius haarlovi Eason, 1986
- Lithobius hardwickei Newport, 1844
- Lithobius hatayensis Verhoeff, 1943
- Lithobius helvolus Attems, 1951
- Lithobius herzegowinensis Verhoeff, 1900
- Lithobius hispanicus Meinert, 1872
- Lithobius hopeanus (Chamberlin, 1952)
- Lithobius hortensis Koch, 1862
- Lithobius hummelii Verhoeff, 1933
- Lithobius ilgazensis Matic, 1983
- Lithobius immutabilis Koch, 1862
- Lithobius imperialis Meinert, 1872
- Lithobius inaequidens Fedrizzi, 1877
- Lithobius incertus Matic, 1966
- Lithobius indicus Eason, 1981
- Lithobius inexpectatus Matic, 1962
- Lithobius infossus Silvestri, 1894
- Lithobius inopinatus Matic, 1970
- Lithobius inquirendus Attems, 1951
- Lithobius insignis Meinert, 1872
- Lithobius ionicus (Silvestri, 1896)
- Lithobius iranicus Attems, 1951
- Lithobius italicus Matic, 1957
- Lithobius javanicus Pocock, 1894
- Lithobius kansuanus Verhoeff, 1933
- Lithobius karamani Verhoeff, 1937
- Lithobius kastamouensis Matic, 1983
- Lithobius koenigi Verhoeff, 1891
- Lithobius koreanus Verhoeff, 1938
- Lithobius kosswigi Chamberlin, 1952
- Lithobius kurdistanus Verhoeff, 1944
- Lithobius laccatus Attems, 1951
- Lithobius laevilabrum Leach, 1815
- Lithobius lagrecai Matic, 1962
- Lithobius lanzai Matic, 1961
- Lithobius lapadensis Verhoeff, 1900
- Lithobius latebricola Meinert, 1872
- Lithobius latzellii Meinert
- Lithobius lindbergi Chamberlin, 1956
- Lithobius litoralis Koch, 1867
- Lithobius lobifer (Chamberlin, 1952)
- Lithobius loeiensis Eason, 1986
- Lithobius lorioli Demange, 1962
- Lithobius lubricus Koch, 1862
- Lithobius lundii Meinert, 1886
- Lithobius luteus Loksa, 1947
- Lithobius macrocentrus Attems, 1949
- Lithobius magnus (Trotzina, 1894)
- Lithobius magurensis Dobroruka, 1971
- Lithobius malaccanus Verhoeff, 1937
- Lithobius malayicus Verhoeff, 1937
- Lithobius marginatus Fedrizzi, 1877
- Lithobius martensi Eason, 1989
- Lithobius matici Prunescu, 1966
- Lithobius matulici Verhoeff, 1899
- Lithobius maximovici Folkmanova, 1946
- Lithobius mediolus Chamberlin, 1952
- Lithobius megalaporus (Stuxberg, 1875)
- Lithobius meifengensis Chao, Lee, Chang, 2018
- Lithobius melanocephalus Koch, 1863
- Lithobius memorabilis Attems, 1951
- Lithobius meridionalis Fedrizzi, 1877
- Lithobius micropodus Matic, 1983
- Lithobius microps Meinert, 1868
- Lithobius minellii Matic & Darabantu, 1971
- Lithobius minimus Koch, 1862
- Lithobius minutus Koch, 1847
- Lithobius moananus (Chamberlin, 1926)
- Lithobius moellensis Verhoeff, 1940
- Lithobius molleri Verhoeff, 1893
- Lithobius molophai Restivo de Miranda, 1978
- Lithobius mongolicus Verhoeff, 1933
- Lithobius montellicus Fanzago, 1874
- Lithobius mordax Koch, 1862
- Lithobius multidentatus Newport
- Lithobius muscorum Koch, 1862
- Lithobius nigrocullis Folkmanova, 1928
- Lithobius nocellensis Verhoeff, 1943
- Lithobius nodulipes Latzel, 1880
- Lithobius nudicornis Gervais, 1837
- Lithobius oblongus Sseliwanoff, 1881
- Lithobius obscurus Newport, 1845
- Lithobius occultus Silvestri, 1894
- Lithobius ocraceus Fedrizzi, 1878
- Lithobius octne Menge, 1851
- Lithobius oellatus Verhoeff, 1925
- Lithobius oligoporus Latzel, 1885
- Lithobius oraniensis Matic, 1967
- Lithobius orientis (Chamberlin, 1952)
- Lithobius orotavae Latzel, 1895
- Lithobius pachypus Verhoeff, 1925
- Lithobius paghmanensis Eason, 1986
- Lithobius paidamus Chamberlin, 1952
- Lithobius palmarum Verhoeff, 1934
- Lithobius palnis (Eason, 1973)
- Lithobius palustris Selivanov, 1878
- Lithobius pantokratoris Attems, 1903
- Lithobius paradisiacus Matic & Darabantu, 1971
- Lithobius parisiensis Koch, 1862
- Lithobius parvicornis (Porat, 1893)
- Lithobius parvolus Fedrizzi, 1877
- Lithobius patriarchalis (Berlese, 1894)
- Lithobius paurus Chamberlin, 1952
- Lithobius pedemontanus Matic & Darabantu, 1971
- Lithobius peggauensis Verhoeff, 1937
- Lithobius persicus Pocock, 1899
- Lithobius piceiavus Verhoeff, 1901
- Lithobius pilatoi Matic, 1968
- Lithobius pleonops Menge, 1851
- Lithobius plesius (Chamberlin, 1952)
- Lithobius plumbeus Manfredi, 1948
- Lithobius politicus Chamberlin, 1952
- Lithobius polyodontus Attems, 1951
- Lithobius ponzianus Matic & Darabantu, 1969
- Lithobius portchinski Sseliwanoff, 1881
- Lithobius postspoliatus Verhoeff, 1942
- Lithobius potanini Selivanov, 1881
- Lithobius pseudoagilis Dobroruka, 1965
- Lithobius pubescens Koch, 1867
- Lithobius pulcher Meinert, 1872
- Lithobius purkynei Dobroruka, 1957
- Lithobius purpureus Chamberlin, 1901
- Lithobius pustulatus Matic, 1964
- Lithobius pygmaeus Latzel, 1880
- Lithobius quadridentatus Menge, 1851
- Lithobius rapax Meinert, 1872
- Lithobius rapitus Chamberlin, 1952
- Lithobius reiseri Verhoeff, 1900
- Lithobius remyi Jawlowski, 1923
- Lithobius rhaeticus Meinert, 1872
- Lithobius rhiknus Attems, 1951
- Lithobius riggioi Matic, 1968
- Lithobius rilaicus Verhoeff, 1937
- Lithobius ruffoi Matic, 1966
- Lithobius rupivagus Verhoeff, 1937
- Lithobius saalachiensis Verhoeff, 1937
- Lithobius salernitanus Manfredi, 1956
- Lithobius salicis Verhoeff, 1925
- Lithobius sardous Silvestri, 1897
- Lithobius sbordonii Matic, 1967
- Lithobius scabrior Chamberlin, 1920
- Lithobius schawalleri Eason, 1989
- Lithobius scotophilus Latzel, 1887
- Lithobius sculpturatus (Pocock, 1901)
- Lithobius scutigeroides Verhoeff, 1892
- Lithobius semperi Haase, 1887
- Lithobius separatus Verhoeff, 1943
- Lithobius serbicus Matic, 1979
- Lithobius sibillinicus Matic, 1966
- Lithobius sibiricus (Gerstfeldt, 1858)
- Lithobius sicheli Matic, 1986
- Lithobius silvivagus Verhoeff, 1925
- Lithobius simrothi Verhoeff, 1937
- Lithobius sitianus Chamberlin, 1956
- Lithobius sloanei Koch, 1862
- Lithobius socius Chamberlin, 1901
- Lithobius songi Pei et al., 2011 [5]
- Lithobius sordidus Koch, 1862
- Lithobius speluncarum Fanzago, 1877
- Lithobius sfinga (Verhoeff, 1941)
- Lithobius stammeri Verhoeff, 1939
- Lithobius subtilis Latzel, 1880
- Lithobius suevicus Meinert, 1863
- Lithobius sulcatus Koch, 1862
- Lithobius sumatranus Silvestri, 1895
- Lithobius svenhedini Verhoeff, 1933
- Lithobius tahirensis Matic, 1983
- Lithobius targionii Fanzago, 1874
- Lithobius tatricus Dobroruka, 1958
- Lithobius tauricus Selivanov, 1878
- Lithobius temnensis Verhoeff, 1943
- Lithobius tenuicornis Verhoeff, 1937
- Lithobius tenuinguis Eason, 1980
- Lithobius tetraspinus Pei, Lu, Liu, Hou, Ma, 2018
- Lithobius terreus Fedrizzi, 1877
- Lithobius thetidis Karsch, 1880
- Lithobius tibiosetosus Eason, 1986
- Lithobius tibiotenuis Eason, 1989
- Lithobius tidissimus (Chamberlin, 1952)
- Lithobius tiphlus (Latzel, 1886)
- Lithobius transmarinus Koch, 1862
- Lithobius trebinjanus (Verhoeff, 1900)
- Lithobius tricuspis Meinert, 1872
- Lithobius trilineatus Koch, 1862
- Lithobius trinacrius Verhoeff, 1925
- Lithobius turritanus Fanzago, 1881
- Lithobius tweedii Verhoeff, 1937
- Lithobius tylopus Latzel, 1882
- Lithobius typhlus Latzel, 1886
- Lithobius ulterior (Chamberlin, 1952)
- Lithobius uludagensis Matic, 1983
- Lithobius variegatus Leach, 1814
- Lithobius varius Koch, 1863
- Lithobius velox Koch, 1862
- Lithobius venator Koch, 1862
- Lithobius veronensis Matic & Darabantu, 1971
- Lithobius viduus Attems
- Lithobius vinciguerrae Silvestri, 1895
- Lithobius vindelicius Verhoeff, 1935
- Lithobius vinosus (Fanzago, 1874)
- Lithobius violaceus Fedrizzi, 1877
- Lithobius visicae Ribarov, 1987
- Lithobius vorax Meinert, 1872
- Lithobius vosseleri Verhoeff
- Lithobius vulgaris Leach, 1817
- Lithobius walachius Verhoeff, 1901
- Lithobius weberi Pocock, 1894
- Lithobius werneri Attems, 1902
- Lithobius zachii Restivo de Miranda, 1978
- Lithobius zeylanus (Chamberlin, 1952)
Poznámky
- ↑ 1 2 Třída Myriapoda // The Invertebrata (neopr.) . — 4. - Cambridge University Press , 1961. - S. 420-426.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Ralph E. Crabill, Jr. Navrhované použití plenární pravomoci k označení pro rod Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758, (třída Myriapoda) typového druhu v souladu se zvyklostmi // Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature : journal . - 1955. - Sv. 11 . - str. 134-136 .
- ↑ John George Wood . Myriapoda // The Illustrated Natural History (neopr.) . - George Routledge and Sons , 1863. - S. 688-698.
- ↑ 1 2 Mikko Haaramo. Lithobiidae: Lithobiinae: rod Lithobius (nedostupný odkaz) . Mikko's Phylogeny Archive (30. prosince 2004). Získáno 18. února 2011. Archivováno z originálu 12. října 2012.
- ↑ Pei S., Ma H., Shi B., Wu D., & Zhou W. Nový druh Lithobius ( Monotarsobius ) Verhoeff, 1905 (Lithobiomorpha, Lithobiidae) z Číny. ZooKeys 82 (23. února 2011): 59-66.
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